Edward Joseph "Ed"[3][4] Snowden (born June 21, 1983) is an exiled American computer specialist and former CIA employee andNSA contractor who disclosed classified details of several top-secret United States and British government mass surveillance programs to the press. He is living in Russia under temporary political asylum and is considered a fugitive from justice by American authorities,[5][6][7][8] who have charged him with espionage and theft of government property.[9][10][11]
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| Edward Snowden |
Snowden's release of NSA material was called the most significant leak in US history by Pentagon Papers leaker Daniel Ellsberg.[12][13] Based on disclosures leaked to The Guardian in May 2013, while employed by NSA contractor Booz Allen Hamilton, aseries of exposés was published revealing programs such as the interception of US and European telephone metadata and the PRISM,XKeyscore, and Tempora Internet surveillance programs.[14][15]
Snowden has been a subject of controversy: he has been variously called a hero,[16][17] a whistleblower,[18][19][20][21][22] a dissident,[23]a traitor,[24][25] and a patriot.[26][27] Some US officials, such as Director of National Intelligence James Clapper, condemned his actions as having done "huge, grave damage" to US intelligence capabilities while others, such as former president Jimmy Carter, applauded his actions.[28][29]
In Snowden's own words, his "sole motive" for leaking the documents was "to inform the public as to that which is done in their name and that which is done against them."[30] The disclosures have fueled debates over mass surveillance, government secrecy, and the balance between national security and information privacy.[31]
Revealing[edit]
The program's existence was most publicly revealed in July 2013 by Edward Snowden in The Sydney Morning Herald and O Globonewspapers, though the codename is mentioned in earlier articles, and like many other codenames can also be seen in job postings, and in the online resumes of employees.[2][3] According to O Globo, XKeyscore detects the nationality of foreigners by analyzing the language used within intercepted emails, which the paper claims has been applied to Latin America and specifically to Colombia, Ecuador, Mexico and Venezuela.[4][5] According to Der Spiegel, XKeyscore also has the ability to retroactively import several days' worth of queued metadata, and the content of communications. This article lists terms entered into a search engine as an example of the metadata XKeyscore is able to intercept.[6]
Workings[edit]
According to The Washington Post and Marc Ambinder, editor-at-large of The Week, XKeyscore is an NSA data-retrieval system which consists of a series of user interfaces, backend databases, servers and software that selects certain types of metadata that the NSA has already collected using other methods.[7][8] According to the published slides, these come from three different sources:[9]
- F6, which is the Special Collection Service (SCS), operating from a U.S. embassy or consulate overseas
- FORNSAT, which means "foreign satellite collection", and refers to intercepts from satellites that process data used by other countries
- SSO, which is the Special Source Operations division, the branch of NSA which taps cables, finds microwave paths, and otherwise collects data not generated by F6 or foreign satellites.
According to documents released by The Guardian, the tool has the ability to query, in real time, "strong selectors", such as email, or "soft selectors", such as content[citation needed]. The tool also gives the analyst the abilities to look for "anomalies"; without any specific person attached[citation needed], it lists the example of a German speaker in Pakistan as an example of such. It also has the ability to detect encrypted activity such as "allPGP usage in Iran.".[10] The caveat given is that very broad queries can result in too much data to transmit back to the analyst. The presentation suggests that when something of interest is discovered, that the analyst may request particular items, as required.[11]
XKeyscore may be instrumental in the process of identifying VPNs and machines that can potentially be hacked via TAO.[10][12] Further capabilities include Google Maps and web searches. It has the ability to track the source and authorship of a document that has passed though many hands.[10][11]
In 2008, the following were planned for "future" capabilities: VoIP, and Exif tags. Exif tags from pictures captured from smartphones often include geolocation (GPS) data.[11]
XKeyscore works with the help of over 700 servers based in "US and allied military and other facilities as well as US embassies and consulates" in several dozen countries.[5][13][14]Among the facilities involved in the program are four bases in Australia and one in New Zealand:[13]
- Pine Gap, near Alice Springs
- Shoal Bay Receiving Station, near Darwin
- Australian Defence Satellite Communications Station, at Geraldton
- HMAS Harman, outside Canberra
- Waihopai Station, in New Zealand
A detailed commentary on an NSA presentation published in The Guardian in July 2013 states that the XKeyscore system is continuously collecting so much Internet data that it can be stored only for short periods of time. Content remains on the system for only three to five days, while metadata is stored for 30 days. The commentary also cites a document published in 2008 declaring that "At some sites, the amount of data we receive per day (20+ terabytes) can only be stored for as little as 24 hours."[15]
The NSA slides published in The Guardian during 2013 claimed that XKeyscore had played a role in capturing 300 terrorists by 2008.[11] This claim could not be substantiated as the redacted documents do not cite instances of terrorist interventions.
A 2011 report from the NSA unit in Griesheim (Germany) says that XKeyscore made it easier and more efficient to target surveillance. Previously, analysis often accessed data they were not interested in. XKeyscore allowed them to focus on the intended topics, while ignoring unrelated data. XKeyscore also proved to be an outstanding tool for tracking active groups associated with the Anonymous movement in Germany, because it allows for searching on patterns, rather than particular individuals. An analyst is able to determine when targets research new topics, or develop new behaviors.[16]
To create additional motivation, the NSA incorporated various features from computer games into the program. For instance, analysts who were especially good at using XKeyscore could acquire "skilz" points and "unlock achievements." The training units in Griesheim were apparently successful and analysts there had achieved the "highest average of skilz points" compared with all other NSA departments participating in the training program.[16]
Interpretation by The Guardian[edit]
According to The Guardian's Glenn Greenwald even low-level NSA analysts are allowed to search and listen to the communications of Americans and other people without court approval and supervision. Greenwald said low-level analysts can via systems like XKeyscore "listen to whatever emails they want, whatever telephone calls, browsing histories, Microsoft Word documents. And it's all done with no need to go to a court, with no need to even get supervisor approval on the part of the analyst."[17]
He added that the NSA's databank of collected communications years allows its analysts to search that database and to listen "to the calls or read the emails of everything that the NSA has stored, or look at the browsing histories or Google search terms that you've entered, and it also alerts them to any further activity that people connected to that email address or that IP address do in the future".[17]
NSA response[edit]
In an official statement from July 30, 2013, the NSA said there is no "unchecked analyst access to NSA collection data. Access to XKeyscore, as well as all of NSA's analytic tools, is limited to only those personnel who require access for their assigned tasks." The NSA also states that there are "stringent oversight and compliance mechanisms built in at several levels. One feature is the system's ability to limit what an analyst can do with a tool, based on the source of the collection and each analyst's defined responsibilities."[18]
The agency defended the program, stressing that it was only used to legally obtain information about "legitimate foreign intelligence targets in response to requirements that our leaders need for information necessary to protect our nation and its interests. [...] XKeyscore is used as a part of NSA's lawful foreign signals intelligence collection system. [...] These types of programs allow us to collect the information that enables us to perform our missions successfully -- to defend the nation and to protect U.S. and allied troops abroad."[19]
Usage in Germany[edit]
According to documents Der Spiegel acquired from Snowden, the German intelligence agencies BND (foreign intelligence) and BfV (domestic intelligence) were granted access to and used XKeyscore. In those documents the BND agency was described as the NSA's most prolific partner in information gathering.[6] This led to political confrontations, after which the directors of the German intelligence agencies briefed members of the German parliamentary intelligence oversight committee on July 25, 2013. They declared that XKeyscore has been used by the BND since 2007 and that the BfV uses a test version since 2012. The directors also explained that this program is not for collecting data, but only for analyzing them.[20]
